critical thinking

Chapter 7
Cephalopods, the squids, octopuses, and allies, show a much higher degree of structural and behavioral complexity than the other groups of mollusks. What factors triggered the evolution of these changes? A rich fossil record among cephalopods shows that once they were very common and even dominant in some marine environments. Now there are only about 650 living species of cephalopods, far fewer than gastropods. In the end, were cephalopods successful? What do you think happened along the way?
Factors that triggered the evolution were the need for movement and a more active hunting lifestyle. Even though now they are sorely outnumbered, I think that cephalopods have been successful. That is why there are still around. The gastropods have such a soft body that they needed something hard to protect themselves, and because they carry around a protective shell, they have better protection. Cephalopods on the other hand, special in quick paced movement and have developed tactics to confuse or harm predators.
Chapter 9
Sea turtles have disappeared from many regions, and one way of trying to save them is to reintroduce them to areas where they have been wiped out. This is done by reburying eggs or by releasing newborn baby turtles on beaches. Why are eggs buried or baby turtles released instead of fully grown individuals?
By releasing newborns or burying eggs, the turtles will live a relatively "normal" turtle life. It is important for baby turtles to make their way down the beach and become familiar with it because years later they will migrate back to their birth location to lay eggs.

Chapter 18
Wastes from duck farms used to wash into two shallow-water bays on Long Island, New York. The wastes, rich in nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate, polluted the water. What do you think suppose was the immediate effect of the pollutants? Can you speculate on the likely effects on the comerically valuable shellfish of the area?
Since nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate are waste products, it did not have a very positive effect on the environment. Shellfish are filterfeeders and the waste in the water made them sick and it had an effect on the economy of the local area since no one wants to eat sick fish.

Coral Reef Assignment

Use clip art and paint to create images of the main types of reefs (fringe reefs, barrier reefs, atolls)

1. How is each reef structure formed?
Fringe-A fringe reef is a type of coral reef that extends outward from the shore of an island or mainland, with no body of water separating land and reef.
Barrier-A long, narrow ridge of coral or rock parallel to and relatively near a coastline, separated from the coastline by a lagoon too deep for coral growth.
Atolls- A ringlike coral island and reef that nearly or entirely encloses a lagoon.
2. Where is each reef structure found?
Fringing reefs are found on rocky shorelines close to land.
Barrier reefs, like fringing reefs, are found along the coast but farther out and separated by a lagoon.
Atolls are found on top of sunken volcanic islands which lie underneath a layer of calcium carbonate.
3. What is the trophic structure of a reef?
-The trophic structure of reefs usually revolve around nutrient recycling. The zooanthellae take the coral nitrogen and phosphorus waste products and use the sun to create organic compounds which the corals need to survive. Without this process, corals would not be able to grow to their vast sizes since the water is usually poor in nutrients.

4. How does the location and type of reef influence the trophic structure?
Fringing reefs are close to shore so the water in which they live in gets run off and a mixture of nutrients and pollution from the land. Barrier reefs, however, are farther out so they have access to water from the lagoon and the deeper ocean. Additionally, the fish and other organisms that live in the reefs add and subtract from the nutrients in that community.
5. Give examples of the types of corals found on reefs.
Fast-growing corals, soft corals, hard corals, branching corals, TONS of corals!
6. Give examples of competition, predation, and grazing
Competition is an overgrowth or direct attack of one coral to another in their fight for growing space. A Crown-of-Thorns starfish is an example of predation since it eats and completely kills coral. Many types of fish eat coral polyps, but they don't eat enough to kill the whole organism. Grazing keeps coral populations in check.

Answer the 3 critical thinking question

part 2

Use a map of the Saipan and import it into Paint. Identify and label the types of reefs found on Saipan. List 5 differences and similarities between the different reef types. Include a list of different organisms or habitat design, trophic structures that exist in the different reefs on the island.

Sea Floor Spreading

What is sea floor spreading?

-. Sea-floor spreading is the process in which the ocean floor is extended when two plates move apart.

What are some of the major land forms that are created from plate movement?

-. The continents, trenches, ocean mountain? -_-;;;

How were the Mariana Islands formed?

-. By the major movements of volcanoes and the plates.

What evidence exists today that the plates are still moving and that the islands are ancient volcanoes?

-. The earthquake is the answers. Everytime the plates move an earthquake happens.

What is an atoll?

-. An atoll is an island of coral that encircles a lagoon partially or completely.

Why are atolls mainly found on the Pacific?

-. Because there are high level of volcanic activities going around the whole pacific.

-PS- How do you make the model? -_-;; i don't get it...=_=..

Someone Please Help?...

Chap 2 Critical Thinking

#2. Why are the most oceanic trenches found in the Pacific Ocean?
-. The reason why most trenches are found in the Pacific Ocean are the volcanoes and earthquakes.

Adaptations and Biology of Birds, Reptiles, and Mammals.

For this assignment, you will be comparing the biology and adaptations of marine birds, reptiles and mammals.
1. Select one marine animal from each class (aves, reptilia and mammalia).

2. Find a picture of each on line and use Paint to label the parts of the animal that allow it to live in the water. You might need to draw or use pictures to show internal structures. Describe at least 4 adaptations for each animal and contrast these adaptations to animals of the same class on land. For example: Compare a hawk to a jaeger or petrel; or a seal to a lion; or a whale to an elephant.

3. Describe the anatomy and physiology of each animal and how the animal's systems complexity, design, structure and function allow the animal to live where it does. How is the physiology different between the animal and another from the same class on land.

4. Explain 4 major differences between the invertebrates we've learned about and the vertebrates you are investigating in this assignment. How do those differences increase or decrease the animals adaptability, range and niche in the marine ecosystem. If one class were to go extinct, which one would have the least impact or greatest and why?

Critical Thinking for Chap 1/3/4/5/6/8

Chap 1.
#4. Many species of whale have been hunted to the brink of extinction. Many people think that we do not have the right to kill whales and that all whaling should cease. On the other hand, in many cultures whales have been hunted for centuries and still have great cultural importance. People from such cultures argue that limited whaling should be allowed to continue. What is the role that science can play in deciding who is right? What questions cannot be answered by science?
- Well, first of all science can take role on how many species of whales are left in that particular region. After doing so, the scientists can tell the people who catches whale for their culture, not to catch? loads of whale at a time. Science may not be able to answers this question. "Can science help bring back the whales population to normal?" the answer might be yes or no, but it can't be solved scientifically.
Chap 3.
#3. If you owned a seaside home and a bad storm brought heavy winds and high surf to your coastline, would you prefer it to be during a new moon or a quarter moon? Why?
-I would definately prefer the new moon. Because, at the new moon stage, the gravitational force of the new moon causes the north and south pole's water to stretch out. Due to the new moon gravitational force, there might be less damage, because most of the water are outside? earth.
Chap 4.
#1. During the day, algae carry out both photosyntesis and respiration. Small, isolated tide pools on rocky shores are often inhabited by thick growths of seaweeds, which are algae. Would you expect the amount of oxygen in the water to differ between night and day? How?
- Well.. i think that, it differs everytime the sun is up and down. Because during the day respiration and photosyntesis occurs, which creates O2 in the water, but during the night only respiration occurs, which means that CO2 will be dominat in the water?
Chap 5.
#1. Scientists use the particular structure of nucleic acids and other chemical differences to separate the archaea from the bacteria. Can you think of other characteristics that could be used to distinguish not only between these two domains but also between them and Protists?
-Well, archaea are the simplest and most primitive form of life that we know so far. Which means, that prokaryotic which differs from protist.
Chap 6.
#2. Only very few flowering plants have invaded the oceans, but those that have are very successful. What are some possible reasons for the small number of marine flowering plants? How do those that have taken the step mangae to thrive in some enviornments?
-. Well... the flowering plants might have setteled down on shore or land, because it is "almost" impossible to settle down in water. Since most of the flowering plants becomes successful in the land , becuase of the maybe nutritious? lands or very fertile? lands. However, those of the unsuccessful ones, which journeys~ towards the ocean, uses their adaptation skills to survive the long? tiresome? journey -_-;;
Chap 8.
#1. Hagfishes and lampreys are the only living representatives of a very ancient group. Why do you suppose there are still some of these jawless fishes around?
-. Well, the only answer to this question is because they are important to the marine enviornment. For one thing, they clean up the dead, fishes? or animals in the ocean. You can say that they are similar to the cleaner shrimp, although hagfishes and lampreys maybe faster cleaning all the messes!

Fishes of the Marianas

This is the Blue Marlin


This is the Puffer Fish

This is the Clown Fish

This is the Bluefin Trevally

This is the Eight-Band Groupe

This is the Shipjack Tuna

This is the Angel Fish

This is the Mahi Mahi (don't look at the Fisherman)
This is the Stone Fish

This is the Lion Fish

This is the Rudderfish or Guilie

This is the Parrotfish

This is the Red Snapper or Onaga

This is the Multibar Goatfish or Satmoneti

Snapper or Gindai

This is the Bluespine Unicornfish or Tataga

This is the Atulai

This is the Two-spot Red Snapper or Tagafi

This is the Tagafi- red phase

This is the Tagafi- juvenile

Invertebrates/Description of Crayfish/Clam/Starfish/Squid

Complete a virtual dissection of a crayfish, clam, starfish and squid.

1. Detailed drawing of the organism and its organs/systems/parts with labels.
   2. Written description of the following system including level of complexity, organs, and function.
   a. digestive system
   b. circulatory system (indicate if it has one)
   c. nervous system
   d. excretory system
   e. reproductive system
   f. integumentary system (structure ie skin, exoskeleton, shell, etc.)
   g. body plan
   3. Description of its unique habitat, diet and what distinguishes it as a mollusk, echinoderm, or arthropod.

-Cray Fish-

Crayfish are found in streams, rivers, lakes and ponds where the water contains adequate amounts of calcium salts. They are primarily nocturnal, hiding in crevices and under rocks during the day and emerging to feed at night. They will eat almost anything organic - plant or animal, living or dead. Crayfish are arthropod because, it has invertebrate having jointed limbs and a segmented body with an exoskeleton made of chitin.

-Clam-

Hard clams inhabit the subtidal regions of bays and estuaries to approximately 15 meters in depth. They are generally found in mud flats and firm bottom areas consisting of sand or shell fragments. They can tolerate a wide range of salinities and live in brackish to saltwater conditions. Hard clams are extremely efficient filter feeders, and large hard clams can filter about a gallon of water per hour. As a result, they benefit water quality in coastal estuaries. Hard clams are also an important fisheries species.

-Starfish-

Starfish or sea stars are found in most of temperate and tropical oceans of the world. They are exclusively common and are bottom dwellers. Sea stars are found in a variety of habitats from the intertidal zone down to the bottom of deep seas but they are mainly found in shallow marine environments. They are found in sand, amongst rubble and on coral reefs and rocky bottoms below low tide as well as in estuaries and under the sand on beaches.

-Squid-

The squid is a member of the cephalopod family and is related to the octopus. Squid and other members of the cephalod family are actually mollusks that unlike clams or scallops lost most of their hard shells, although the squid does have the remnant of its shell which is called a cuttlebone. Squid are arrow shaped and have eight tentacles. They have the ability when excited to change their color, though they generally have a whitish hue.

Nudibranch

The fascinating Nudibranchs!!!.........???..

Fist of all, nudibranchs, also known as sea slugs, are soft-bodied marine snails belonging to the suborder Nudibranchia, the largest suborder of the order Opisthobranchia. There are more than 3,000 described species.

Do you know what nudibranch <- name means? Well, it comes from Latin "nudus" meaning nude, and from the Greek "brankia" meaning gills. So basically it means "naked gill."

Nudibranchs have cephalic (head) tentacles, which are sensitive to touch, taste, and smell. Also, they are hermaphrodictic, meaning that they can rarely fertilize themselves.

Here is the 180 degree turn, mostly everyone thinks that nudibranchs are herbivores. Well! they are wrong, because nudibranchs usually feast on sponges, hydroids, tunicates, anemones, corals, sea pens, bryozoans, barnacles, and sometimes other nudibranchs!

where in the ocean does it live: They are found in all over the world, also including British Isles, the tropics, and even the Antartics.
Description of life cycle (egg to death)

After mating, nudibranchs lay their egg masses either on or near the organism on which they feed. These egg masses vary in shape, size and colour depending on species. Some sea slugs lay single coils of eggs, while others are in the shape of a thick ribbon wound into a spiral. The egg masses are often white, but they can also be red, pink, orange or any other colour depending on the species. Egg development can take between 5 and 50 days, and is strongly influenced by temperature. Warmer waters generally result in a shorter embryonic period.
Usually the eggs develop first into a larval form called a veliger, which drifts in the ocean currents as plankton. Specific environmental conditions trigger the larvae to settle and metamorphose into the adult form. This larval dispersal is important in the successful exploitation of new areas, since adult nudibranchs move very slowly and cannot travel long distances.

How does it move (if it moves) The nudibranch moves by some mantle like structure.
Unique characteristics: It can feed on corals.
Role in the ecosystem: Anonymous!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Kingdom-Animilia

Phylum- Mollusca

Class-Gastropoda

Sub Class-Opisthobranchia

Order- Nudibranchia

Family- Chromodorididae

Genus-Chromodoris

Species- Magnifica

DNA and RNA questions?? Oct 2nd

1. What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid/ the blue print of life

2. What are the 4 bases? Adenine/thymine/cytosine/guanine

3. What 2 pieces of information did the scientists need to solve the elusive structure of DNA? Phosphate backbone was on the outside with bases on the inside; another that the molecule was a double helix

4. What are the specific base pairs? A/T/G/C

5. How does the pairing rule affect the shape and structure of DNA? Adenine-thymine pair that form a two-hydrogen bond together or a cytosine-guanine pair that form a three-hydrogen bond

6. What does the DNA do during cell division? During the cell division the DNA is copied in other words “unzipped” and copied exactly

7. How many base pairs does E. coli have? How long does it take to replicate? How is the DNA packaged in the cell? E. coli has 4,639,221 base pairs. It takes 40 minutes to replicate. E. coli is package in the DNA as eukaryotic chromosomes are packaged into the nucleus.

8. How many base pairs does Human DNA have? How long does it take to replicate? How is the DNA packaged in the cell? Over than 3 billion pairs. 12~24 hours. In a nucleus.

AFTER YOU'VE ANSWERED THE QUESTIONS, TRY PLAYING THE GAME. THEN MOVE ONTO THE NEXT ACTIVITY.

1. What is RNA? How different is it from DNA?

Ribonucleic acid or RNA is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers. RNA is different from DNA by RNA is single stranded, while DNA is double stranded. Also, RNA nucleotides contain ribose sugars while DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA uses predominantly uracil instead of thymine present in DNA.

2. How are the RNA messages formed?

RNA messages are formed by the grouping together of 3 of the letters to create a triplet or codon.

3. How are the RNA messages interpreted?

Ribosomes read the messages and then attach the amino acids together to make up a protein.

1. Describe cell cycle. Ribosomes read the messages and then attach the amino acids together to make up a protein.
Gap 1 phase: cell growth beginsSynthesis phase: chromosomes duplicate and divide; cell growth continuesGap 2 phase: cell reaches proper sizeMitosis phase: cell division

2. What is nuclear division. Nuclear division is the division of the nucleus and genetic information into more than one cell from a parent cell, usually through mitosis or meiosis.

3. What is interphase. When the cell or nucleus is not in mitosis.

4. Cytokinesis. The stage in meiosis in which the cytoplasm of the cell is divided after the nuclear division.

5. Homologous chromosomes. Pair of chromosomes that have the same genetic sequencing because they come from the same parent cell.

6. Phases of mitosis (5 of them). Prophase/Metaphase/Anaphase/Telophase/Interphase

7. Phases of meiosis and how it is different from mitosis. Early prophase/Late prophase/Metaphase/Anaphase/Telophase/Second Telophase/ *meiosis is different from mitosis because the cell goes through 2 divisions instead of just one and results in 4 daughter cells instead of only 2.

8. Describe the process and purpose of crossing over.Crossing over occurs when the sperm and egg chromosomes pair up and swap genetic information, reducing the number of chromosomes to a complete set.

Chain events of map of Cellular respiration and photosynthesis

This is a pic. for photosynthesis.
This is the Pic for cellular respiration.

Algae Cell/Pic/Description

Reservoir Eyespot-

Contractile Vacuole- A contractile vacuole is a type of vacuole involved in osmoregulation. It pumps excess water out of a cell and is found prominently in freshwater protists.

Flagellum-A flagellum is a long, slender projection from the cell body, composed of microtubules and surrounded by the plasma membrane.

Paramylon Body-

Pellicle -Pellice is a thin layer supporting the cell membrane in various protozoa

Chloroplast-Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis.

Nucleus -Nucleus is the control center of a cell, which contains the cell's chromosomal DNA

-Questions-

How does the algae cell survive?

How long is their life span?

How do they obtain their food?

World Wide Currents

1. Explain how currents contribute to the distribution of marine organisms around the planet.

Well, currents not only contribute to the distribtion of marine organisms around the planet by olny moving, but also reulates the temp. of land and water by following? a route.

2. The primary factor influencing ocean currents is temperature regulation. What might happen to the ocean currents (and has happened in the past) as global warming increases?

In the past, in Europe? there had been a ice age, because the currents of the warm water has stopped moving. So, if the global warming increases again another ice age might occur.

3. Explain how density changes cause currents.

As the water temp. changes the water will become more densed, so as the warm? hot? water decreases the cold water will rise. Therefore, this activity? will cause the waters to chrun? a bit causing movements in the water.

Use google image to find a world map. Copy and paste into paint and use the drawing tools to create the currents and label them. Then answer the questions below:

Shape Of Life

-Sponges-

-What organism is thought to be the first multi cellular animal? Sponge.

-How is the same (3ex) and diff. (3ex) from animals today?

Same Different

- Reproduces sexually - no nervous system

-Cells held together by collegen -ressurect itself

-Feeds -spicules

-How do scientists know its an animal?

-It eats

-Reproduces

-It has a heart

-What evidence do scientists have to prove that other animals(multicellular) evolved from this organism?

-Spicule Fossils -> Been around Long time -> Genetic Sequences ( The Tree)

Endangerd Animals in the CNMI -

-Coconut Crab -
-Habitats-
Coconut crabs live alone in underground burrows and rock crevices, depending on the local terrain. Usually the coconut crabs burrow there own "caves"made by sand. Coconut grabs hide in their burrows in the day to protect themselves by other predators and also from the heat.
-Reason they are endangered-
Basically they are endangered because people are over hunting the crabs to gain profits from it.

BI-103 02/ Home Work. 8/29/2007

What is Tidal Range? The tidal range is the vertical difference between the highest high tide and the lowest low tide.
What Causes High/Low Tides? The high and low tide are caused by the gravitational forces between the earth and the moon.
What Causes Spring/Neap Tides? When the moon is full or new, the gravitational pull of the moon and sun are combined. During the moon's quarter phases the sun and moon work at right angles, causing the bulges to cancel each other.
How Does Tidal Range Effects the types of organisms and the shape and size of the organism? Where organisms living in the place, where tidal range occurs will adapt to that enviornment.

TIdes

2007-09-01 4:10 AM ChST 0.19 feet Low Tide					0.19	4:10
2007-09-01 6:04 AM ChST Sunrise					1.84	10:23
2007-09-01 10:23 AM ChST 1.84 feet High Tide					0.59	16:16
2007-09-01 4:16 PM ChST 0.59 feet Low Tide
2007-09-01 6:29 PM ChST Sunset